初中英语语法精讲讲义(完整版)

初中英语语法精讲

第十五讲 状语从句

一、时间状语从句 引导词 when while as as soon as until 含义 当...时候 当...时候 一...就... 直到...才 用法 接短暂动词或延续性动词；突然... 接延续性动词，动作同时发生；表分工；表对比、转折 主句从句动作几乎同时发生；表示随时间推移 肯定形式until/till，延续性动词，till不能放句首； 否定形式，只能用not...until... 瞬间动词 在...前 before 在...后 after 自从... since 二、原因状语从句 引导词 because as since for 三、结果状语从句（如此...以致于...） so...that... such...that...

四、目的状语从句（为了...） in order that +句子 可以放句首 in order to +动词原形 so that +句子 不可以放句首 so as to +动词原形 五、条件状语从句（假设） 如果... if 如果不...=if not unless as long as 只要

※ 时态： “主将从现”。

用法 根本原因，语气最强，不能与so连用。 只能用because回答why问句；用于强调句型时；被not否定时。 because of 是介词短语，不能接句子。 已知原因。从说话人的角度，原因很明显，但并非句中的重心。 已知原因。since比as 正式一些。 不是直接原因，而是表示从结果推断的原因，即倒果为因。（并列句）） *because引导的从句如果放在句末且有逗号隔开，可以用for代替。 从句中通常有情态动词can, could, will, would, may 从句中通常有情态动词can, could, will, would, may 六、让步状语从句

though, although, even if, even though, 不能与but连用, 但可以和yet连用。

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初中英语语法精讲

第十六讲 主谓一致

定义：谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语一致。

主谓一致原则：①语法一致 ②意义一致 ③就近原则

（一）语法一致原则

1. 主单—谓单； 主复—谓复

To study English well not easy.

What he said very important for us all. Reading in the sun bad for your eyes.

2. 由连接词and或both … and…连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。

Lucy and Lily twins.

Both she and he Young Pioneers.

3. 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。

The writer and artist (be) 26. The writer and the artist (be)26.

Fork and knife (be) used instead of chopsticks. 4. 主语+干扰成分。

主语后有with, including, except, like, as well as, besides, 等干扰成分时,谓语动词与其主语一致。 The teacher with two students ____ at the meeting . (was / were)

E-mail, as well as the telephones, ________ playing an important part in daily communication.

5. either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。 Each of us a new book.（have） Everything around us matter. 由each, every, no, many a所修饰的词，即使用 and连接作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。 e.g. Each man and woman ____ the same rights.

6. 如果集合名词指的是整体,谓语动词用单数;如果指个体,其谓语动词就用复数形式。 这些词有group, team, family, class, club, crowd, population等. My family very poor when I was young.

The class talking when the teacher came in. 注意：people, police, 一般都用作复数。

7. a number of\许多\复数名词,谓语用复数; A number of apples _ on the table. the number of\的数量\谓语用单数。 The number of apples large.

(二)意义一致原则

1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。 Which your bag? Which your bags? All going well.

2.表示“时间、重量、长度、价值、金钱\等复数名词作主语时, 看作整体时，谓语动词用单数 Thirty minutes enough for the work. A million pounds a large sum of money. A hundred miles covered in a single night.

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初中英语语法精讲

3. 一些学科名词是以 -ics 结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。 The paper works built in 1990. I think physics easy to study. 4. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等由两部分构成的物体名词作主语时,谓语用复数。 但如果这些名词前有a(the)pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。 5. \形容词\表示某一类人时, 动词用复数。

6. the half / the rest / most /分数词 + of+名词作主语，谓语动词应根据这些名词所指代的单复而定。 7. kind/sort/ type of 作主语，谓语动词按kind/sort/type的单复而定。 This kind of car is expensive. These kinds of cars have their use. 复数名词+this kind/sort/type作主语， 谓语动词用复数。 Questions of that kind are very difficult.

(二) 就近原则

谓语动词该用单数还是用复数形式，取决于最邻近它的名词、代词或其它词的单复数。

Either…or… 或者…或者…， 不是…就是， 要么…要么…

并列主语 Neither…nor… 既不…也不…

Not only…but also… 不但…而且… Not…but… 不是…而是….

There be…… 某地有…

*主谓一致精练*

1. Both boys (have) their own hobbies.

2. The class busying writing English passages. 3. Neither you nor I wrong .

4. The novelist and poet going to Europe next year. 5. The novelist and the poet going to Europe next year 6. My family very poor when I was a little girl. 7. Every man and woman at work now. 8. None of us ______ (have) got a TV. 9. Neither of us ______ been to New York. 10. The rich _______(have) much money. 11. (be) there any police around? 12. His family (be) not large. 13. His family very well. 14.

15. No news good news.

16. Be quiet! Here (come) the teacher. 17. One or two days enough to see the city.

18. Neither my wife nor I myself ____ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind. 19. The number of the students in our school 1200.

20. The boy with the two dogs sleeping when the earthquake rocked the city.

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初中英语语法精讲

第十七讲 情景交际

Greetings:问候 --Good morning! --Nice to meet you. --How do you do? ---How are you? 道歉 ---Sorry. ---I’m so sorry. 提醒注意 Dont’ forget… Remember to… Look out! Be careful. 答语 --Good morning! --Nice to meet you, too. --How do you do? ---Fine, thanks, and you? 答语 ---Never mind. ---That’s all right. ---It doesn’t matter. 祝愿 Have a good time! Enjoy yourself! Have fun! Congratulations! Good luck! Best wishes to you! Wish you success. Thanks 致谢 ---Many thanks. ---Thanks a lot. 语言交际困难 Pardon? =Pardon please? =I beg your pardon. =I can’t catch it. 同意 Sure.=OK.= All right. =Certainly.=Of course. I agree.=No problem. I think so.=Exactly. Good idea. Souds great! Why not.. 答语 ---That’s all right. ---Not at all. ---My pleasure. I don’t understand. Sorry, I can’t follow you. Could you say that again? Can you repeat that? 不同意 No way. I don’t agree. I’m afraid not. I don’t think so. ---Thank you(very much). ---You are welcome. 问路 Excuse me. Where is the …? =Can you tell me the way to … =Can you tell me how to get to… =How can I get to… 问询时刻 What time is it?=What’s the time? =Can I have your watch? 问询天气/气候 What’s the weather/climate like? =How is the weather/climate? 问询数量 How many+复数名词 How much+不可数名词 好消息 I’m glad to hear that. Congratulations. That’s great!

问询职业 What’s your job / opportunity? =What do you do? 问询星期几 What day is today? 问询价钱 What’s the price of...? =How much is it? =How much does it cost? 问询时段 How long... （一段时间） How soon... (将来时) 坏消息 I’m sorry to hear that. What a pity!=What a shame! That’s too bad. Bad luck. 44

问询国籍 What nationality are you? =What’s your nationality? 问询日期 What’s the date today? 问状况 What’s the matter with you? What’s wrong with you? What’s up? 问询频度 How often... 问询距离 How far… 鼓舞，安慰 Don’t worry. Take it easy. Take your time. 初中英语语法精讲

第十八讲 词义辨析

1. 方位介词 on, over, above

on: 表面接触 There is a ship the river. over: 在垂直的正上方 under There is bridge the river. above: 高于，不一定垂直 below There is a plane flying the bridge.

2. in, on, to +方位名词

in: 在范围内的某个方向 Beijing is the North of China. on: 两个平等的范围相互搭界 Hunan is the south of Hubei. to: 两个平等的范围不搭界 Japan is the east of China.

3. in front of , in the front of

in front of: 在…前面(范围之外) in the front of: 在…的前部(范围之内)

There is a car the house and Tom sits the car.

4. cross , across, through

cross: v. 穿过，越过 Don’t the street when the light is red. across: prep. 从表面横穿 Be careful when walking the street.

through: prep. 从内部空间穿 The girl swam the English Channel last month.

Huangpujing runs Shanghai city.

5. in the tree, on the tree

in the tree: 不是树上结的东西 There are two birds and a monkey the tree. on the tree: 树上长的 There are many big apples the tree.

6. with, in, by, through

with: 用工具 with a pen / with a hammer

in: 用语言、材料、书写的方式 in English / in ink / in paint / in Large Letters / in shorthand by: 用方式、方法、手段 by bus / by hand / by teaching through: 通过…途径 through hard work

7. in future, in the future

in future: =from now on 从今以后的全部将来 in the future: 将来的某一时刻

I must study hard in future and I will succeed in the future.

8. sound, noise, voice sound: 泛指一切声音 noise： 噪音 voice： 嗓音

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